الملخص الإنجليزي
Lebanon has witnessed many successive political, security and economic crises since its
independence from French colonialism in 1943. Starting with the National Pact, established by
the French after independence to organize the foundations of governance in Lebanon, which
divided the political authorities between three religious sects based on their numbers in the
country. However, this agreement later opened the door for the consolidation of an unpleasant
political and sectarian quota system that caused corruption to spread in the system's components.
Lebanon has experienced several crises that plunged it into a long cycle of violence and endless
conflicts, most notably Lebanon's civil war, which lasted for more than a decade and a half.
Subsequently, the Taif Agreement in 1989 corrected some of the paths of the Agreement, the
National Charter, and enshrined the sectarian system. Although this agreement stopped the civil
war, it did not stop the sectarian crisis, the results of which have emerged successively; for
example, political assassinations and societal divisions as well as the Beirut port explosion, which
caused human and material damage. The system of state is mostly based on a fragile rentier
economy such as tourism and services, as well as the contribution of some elements such as
agriculture and industry. This is in addition to regional aid and conditional external loans,
provided in accordance with political agreements, understandings, and religious loyalties. This
has exacerbated the economic situation in Lebanon, especially after Lebanon's economy shrank
due to the Corona pandemic (Covid-19) and the collapse of the local currency. On the other hand,
external interventions linked to the interests of regional and international countries have
contributed to exacerbating the crisis of the Lebanese regime at the political, military, security,
and economic levels. This has caused contradictory and conflicting visions among the Lebanese
groups on various local and regional issues. This gave way to the widespread quota system and
increased corruption and led the country into a state of turmoil and political instability. Therefore,
this thesis will focus on studying Lebanon's political quota system and identifying its
repercussions. The study will also address Lebanese sectarianism and its negative effects on
Lebanese society and the responses to such effects.
