الملخص الإنجليزي
Urolithiasis in Oman is a common urological disease and is a significant cause of morbidity. However, there are no data on renal stone composition, associated risk factors and comorbidities of this disease in Oman. The associated risk factors of this disease are, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, cystinuria, hyperphosphaturia, hypomagnesuria. hyperuricosuria, hypocitraturia, hypovolemia, high and low pH. The associated comorbidities of urolithiasis are metabolic syndrome, diabetic mellitus, hypertension, obesity, urinary tract infection, primary hyperthyroidism, gout and distal renal tubular acidosis. Knowing composition of the stones and associated comorbidities and risk factors of urolithiasis will help in early diagnosis, management, prevention and treatment of this disease.
The aims of this case series study were: to identify the composition of urinary stones, to investigate the risk factors and to recognize the associated comorbidities with urolithiasis in Omani patients. To achieve these aims, the study was designed to do the following: a retrospective study conducted for patient samples collected during the period of January 2010 to December 2011, prospective study was conducted for stones removed during the period January 2012 to February 2013. The FTIR (Fourier Transformed Infra Red) spectroscopy technique was used to analyze the composition of the stones. Associated risk factors and comorbidities of urolithiasis patients were collected from Sultan Qaboos University hospital information system (HIS). Calcium oxalate (73.2.0%) was the major stone component found among Omani urolithiasis patients at SQUH, followed by calcium phosphate (29.1%), uric acid (19.5%), cystine (7.5%), urate (3.0%) and struvite (1.5%). The associated risk factors with calcium containing stones were: the urinary pH 26.0, hypercalciuria, the urinary pH 55.5, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria and low urine volume. The main risk factor detected in uric acid stone patients was the urinary pH 55.5. The Urinary pH 57.0 was the risk factor detected with cystine patients while the urinary pH 36 was the main determinant risk factor detected in the urine of urate stone patients.
The comorbidities associated with calcium and uric acid containing stones were obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and urinary tract infection. Urinary tract infections and hypertension were the only comorbidities associated with urate and infection stones. The genetic factor seems to play an important role in the formation of cystine as well as calcium containing stones.
In conclusion, Omani urolithiasis patients show the same pattern of urolithiasis of industrialized countries.
