الملخص الإنجليزي
In view of the fact that chronic kidney disease ( CKD) is one of the most common non-communicable diseases in Oman and since there are no previous studies on risk factors for CKD in Oman, this study was performed. Aim: To ascertain the main risk factors for CKD in Oman and to measure the degree and extent of association between kidney disease and the leading risk factors in terms of odd ratios based on univariate as well as multivariate analyses. Methods: We conducted a hospital – based case-control study of 150 hospital cases and 300 hospital controls. Information about risk factors such as history of hypertension, family history of CKD, intake of soft drink and physical exercises were obtained during face to face interviews and through telephonic interview. Other required information was obtained from computerized medical information system (MIS) of the hospital, which contains the relevant information associated to the patient and the nature of the disease. Chi-square test for association was applied to find the significance of the association of disease with various characteristics under study and a P-value of .05 or less was taken as significant. Risk of the CKD among different exposed groups was calculated in terms of odds ratios, confidence intervals were obtained and significance of the increased risk among the exposed group was also tested. Adjusted logistic regression was used to study the significant of association between risk factor and CKD after adjusting for the confounding variable (age). Multiple logistic regression model (backward conditional) was used to assess and compare the association between lifestyle risk factors and chronic kidney disease Result: Parameters which were found to be significantly associated with the occurrence of CKD were; age (P<.001), educational status (P < .001), history of hypertension (P<.001), history of diabetes( P < .001), history of infection in urinary tract ( P<.001), history of anemia (P < .001), History of analgesic use (Pain medication) (P = .031), family history of CKD (P = .001), history of smoking (P = .026), control of BP (P < .001), physical activity during leisure time (P<.001), physical activities at work (P<.001),excessive intake of soft drink (P<.001), less liquid intake (water and juice) (P < .001), intake of red meat and coffee / tea (P < .001) and number of off springs (P = .04). Using adjusted logistic regression by adjusting age, the association remained significant for the factors;
history of hypertension (P < .001), history of diabetes (P<.001), history of infection in urinary tract (P < .001), history of anemia (P < .001), family history of CKD (P < .001), control of BP (P < .001), physical activity during leisure time (P = .010), physical activity at work (P = .021), excessive intake soft drink (P<.001), less intake of liquid (water and juice) (P < .001), intake of red meat and coffee / tea (P < .001). Based on multivariate logistic regression analysis with step-wise backward logistic regression, we found that old age (> = 60 years), history of hypertension, history of diabetes, history of anemia, history of infection in urinary tract, family history of CKD, control of BP, excessive intake of soft drink (at least two times/day), less intake of juice and water and intake of red meat were found important predictors of CKD.
Conclusions: Our study revealed a significant positive association between CKD and most of disease status risk factors. We did not find an increased risk of chronic kidney disease associated with BMI, intake of white meat, gender and marital status.
