English abstract
Background: Morbid obesity is a serious health condition defined as body mass index
(BMI) of 40 kg/m2
and more. It was found that morbidly obese individuals had a great
chance of getting nutritional deficiencies related to either an unhealthy diet or of low
nutritional value. Therefore, the set up for the nutritional status is highly demanding in
pre-bariatric surgeries. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the nutritional status
and biochemical parameters of candidates who underwent bariatric surgeries. Subjects
and methods: A retrospective hospital-based study at Royal hospital, Ministry of
Health, included 104 Omani adult subjects diagnosed with morbid obesity (35 males and
69 females). Each gender divided into two groups based on their BMI, a group of lower
BMI (35-49.9 kg/m2
) and a group of higher BMI (50-69.9 kg/m2
). A semi quantitative
food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and blood tests were the study tools that used to
collect the data. SPSS software version 21 was used to analyze the generated data by
applied chi-squire test and independent sample t-test. Results: Around 600 morbidly
obese individuals conducted for the study, while 104 morbidly obese individuals
(17.3%) recruited in the study. There were significant differences between morbidly
obese males and females with lower and higher BMI in social life aspects with for
unemployed status, in family medical history, in vitamin D and calcium (Ca) as oral
supplements, in physical activity with p-values <0.05. The statistical differences
appeared more intensely when comparing between different genders with same BMI,
while almost non-existent when comparing between groups of same genders but with
different BMI. Overall, their intake of macronutrients was higher than the recommended
dietary intake (RDI). Carbohydrates intake exceeded (130 g/day) in both males and
females' groups, protein intake exceeded (54 g/day) for males and (46 g/day) for
females, cholesterol intake exceeded (300 g/day) for both males and females' groups.
While, the intake of vitamin B12, vitamin D, and vitamin E for all males and females'
groups were less than RDI (2.4 mg/day, 600-800 µg/day, and 15 mg/day, respectively).
On the other hand, the intake of vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, folate, vitamin A,
and vitamin C for males and females' groups were higher than the RDI (1.2-1.1 mg/day,
1.3-1.1 mg/day, 5 mg/day, (400 µg/day, 270-210 IU/day, and 90-75 mg/day,
respectively). There was exceptional with vitamin B5, whereas its intake elevated the
RDI (5 mg/day) for all groups, except the morbidly obese female with higher BMI,
(5.29 mg/day). As for minerals, the analysis showed that female's intake of Ca,
potassium (K), zinc (Zn) were less than their RDI (120 mg/day, 2600 mg/day, 8 mg/day
respectively). On the other hand, the analysis revealed that males and females'
consumption of Co, Mn, Ph, Se, and Na was higher than the RDI (0.9 mg/day, 2.3-1.8
mg/day, 700 mg/day, 55 µg/day, 1500 mg/day respectively). However, there was
exceptional with iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg), whereas Fe intake for all groups
elevated RDI (8-18/day), except morbidly obese female group with lower BMI, there
intake was within normal range (17.71 mg/day). While, Mg intake for all groups was
less than RDI (400-320 mg/day), expect morbidly obese male group with higher BMI
VII
(431.11 mg/day). The biochemical analysis released that Ca, cortisol hormone,
hemoglobin (Hb), uric acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin D for all participants were within
the normal range, (2.08-2.6 mmole/L), (13.8-2069 mmole/L), (11.5-14.5 g/dL), (220-
457 µmole/L), (156-672 pgmole/mL), (>50 nmole/L) respectively. While phosphorus
(Ph) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were less than the normal ranges for all
participants (2.1-2.6 mmole/L) and >90 ml/min/1073
. On the other hand, the
cholesterol, HbA1C, and LDL for all participants were higher than the standard ranges,
(4-6%, <5, <2.7 respectively). Conclusion: At pre-bariatric surgeries, the nutritional and
biochemical assessment care is vital to optimize the long-term success and prevent
further nutritional or related metabolic complications at post-bariatric surgeries period.
