English abstract
Over the past three centuries, the cradle of the expansion of the culture of enlightenment, rationality, and political reform in industrial Europe has led to the crystallization of civil rights that were proposed during the English and French revolutions in the eighteenth century. These rights were initially represented in proposals on freedoms of expression and belief, equality before the law, and individual freedoms. These propositions developed under the influence of political and intellectual confrontations during the nineteenth century to generalize the right to vote and adopt minimum levels of social protection. The class confrontations and bargaining ended around the middle of the twentieth century by reaching a state of citizenship that includes economic and social rights, after philosophical struggles, which governed the crystallization of social protection systems adopted in market capitalist countries and state capitalist countries based on the principle of fortifying the unity of the state and its system of governance and the solidarity and cohesion of its society and in defining the protection system Social, in France, for example, it is noted that it represents the beginning of a set of mechanisms that guarantee alternative resources for individuals who find themselves victims of dangers and disabilities for which they have no responsibility and that confronting them exceeds the limits of their income (unemployment disease, work accidents). The concept of community solidarity was later expanded in social protection systems to cover a permanent need that does not result from urgent needs (motherhood, families with more than two children under the age of 17, middle age and retirement). Thus, the system of social protection in France was integrated and consolidated in what was called the Social Security (Securité Sociale). This system was later supplemented by a set of "social submissions."
