This study aimed to highlight the scientific legacy of the European scientist Robert Koch. The study reached a number of conclusions, including: the scientist Robert Koch is the latest milestone in medical microbiology; he discovered the Bacillus anthracis and identified the bacillary activities of tuberculosis. Robert Koch was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine and physiology in 1905 for his discovery of the tuberculous organelle and its huge impact on public hygiene measures. In addition, the scientist Koch contributed to the expansion of the understanding of infectious diseases through his pioneering hypotheses in this field. The World Health Organization designated February 24 as World Tuberculosis Day in honor of the day when scientist Koch presented his findings on the etiology of tuberculosis for the first time.