Anemia is one of the most common diseases among children and is considered a global health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimation in 2011 indicated that the highest prevalence of anemia was in children aged 6–59 months (42.6%, 95% CI: 37–47). In Oman, anemia in children aged 6–59 months is classified as a severe public health problem with a prevalence of 41% (95% CI: 18–63). Although anemia in children represents a challenging health concern in Oman, no studies have been conducted to examine anemia risk factors among Omani children. Such studies might contribute to formulating prevention and mitigation actions to address anemia in Oman. Therefore, this study examined child and maternal risk factors associated with anemia and hemoglobin (Hb) among Omani children aged 6–23 months. The study used the most recent data from the Oman National Nutrition Survey (ONNS) 2017. A total of 679 child-mother pairs were included in the study. Anemia (Hb < 11.0 g/dL) and Hb concentration (g/dL) were the dependent variables examined in the study. The study examined the distribution of anemia across different groups of independent variables. Bivariate logistic regressions were performed to assess the association between anemia and different child, maternal, and household factors. One-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was performed to examine the effect of child dietary diversity on Hb levels after controlling for child and maternal factors. Furthermore, two-way ANCOVA was performed to examine the effect of child dietary diversity and age on Hb after controlling for child and maternal factors. The prevalence of anemia in the study children was 36.5% with a mean Hb concentration of 11.2 ± 1.13 g/dL. A significant negative association was found between the age of children and anemia (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93–0.99, p = .01). The remaining factors (child dietary diversity, weight-for-height Z-score, gender, birthweight, family size, and family monthly income) showed no significant association with anemia (p >.05). Similarly, the one-way ANCOVA test revealed no significant effect of child dietary diversity on Hb after controlling for child and maternal factors (p >.05). Finally, the two-way ANCOVA also revealed no significant effect of the interaction of child diet (dietary diversity) and age on Hb after controlling for child and maternal factors (p >.05). In conclusion, the prevalence of anemia among Omani children aged 6–23 months was high. Only child age was identified to have a significant negative relationship with anemia. Despite controlling for different child/maternal factors, Hb was not influenced by dietary diversity or age. Therefore, further studies and surveys are required to identify other factors shaping the high prevalence of anemia at this critical age in Oman.