Sustainability is a crucial idea that must be deep-seated and applied both locally and globally in modern society's activities, particularly in the building sector. The most common building materials used in construction are cement-based products, with Portland cement as the binding material. The production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), the main cement type used in a wide variety of building constructions, requires the use of a significant amount of virgin, nonrenewable natural resources and heat treatment at around 1500 °C. Both processes are very damaging to the environment, leading to extensive depletion of natural mineral resources and accounting for about 8% of the world's CO2 emissions. To reduce cement manufacturing`s environmental impacts, partial replacement of OPC by locally available and recycled by-product resources is one of the most practical and efficient strategies to lower the amount of clinker cement produced and, hence, its consequences. A fundamental requirement for developing a greener and more sustainable construction industry is to promote the use of local and recycled materials while reducing reliance on virgin natural resources. In this study, local waste of Marble Dust (MD) (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%) by weight is used to partially replace Portland cement in binary mortar mixes. Moreover, mortar mixtures containing an optimized percentage of 10% MD were combined with other conventional and alternative supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to develop and investigate cementitious composites performances. The physical, chemical, microstructural, and crystallographic characteristics of materials (mainly marble dust) were first evaluated. The fresh, mechanical, durability, and thermal properties of blended mortar mixtures with a constant water-to-cement proportion (w/c) of 0.30 were examined. Except for shrinkage, all hardened properties were measured after an initial wet curing of 28 days, or as stated. The compressive strength was assessed at various ages of 1, 7, 28, and 91 days, while the flexural strength was measured after 28 days. Other hardening and durability tests, including ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), thermal conductivity, porosity and absorption, chloride permeability, and resistance to sulfate and acids, were all conducted after 28 days. The results demonstrate that adding different MD percentages and particle sizes did not significantly alter the fresh density, temperature, or flowability compared to the control mix. Compressive strength slightly improved at 10% MD; beyond this replacement level, the strength decreased. Flexural strength and UPV values increased in most of the binary and composite cement mixes, while there was no significant impact of the use of MD on the mortar`s thermal conductivity. Porosity and water absorption increased when adding MD to cement mortar, while resistance to high temperatures and acids generally decreased. However, mortar blended with MD developed better resistance to a combined (Sulfate + chloride) attack and chloride permeability. The findings reveal that the use of MD, a non-reactive filler material, needs to be combined with reactive mineral admixtures such as silica fume (SF) or fly ash (FA) to get the most benefit from it. Quaternary and quinary composite cements and MD ternary blended cements with SF and FA have tremendously reduced the chloride permeability from "very low" to "negligible".