English abstract
This study dealt with the most important opposition movements which emerged in Iraq during reign of The Umayyad Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan (65 AH / 684 AD -86 AH / 705 AD), and looked into the reasons behind these movements, their development and impact on the Umayyad dynasty. It shed light on the policy that Umayyad caliphate had adopted to deal with such movements. The researcher followed the historical method based on description, analysis and comparison of the relevant historical narratives, trying to reconcile them relying on the most important historical sources in addition to some modern works.
The study was divided into introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The introduction discussed the political situation in the Umayyad state since its inception until reign of the Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan in 65 AH / 684 AD. The first chapter focused on the Shiite opposition and Mukhtar bin Abu Obaid Al-Thaqafi movement (66 AH / 685 AD-67 AH / 686 AD). The second chapter talked about the Kharijites movements (Azariqah, Njaddat, and Suphriya), while the third chapter focused on Ibadi movement and it's stand from Umayyads. The fourth chapter dealt with the political movements in that period including the movement of Abdul Rahman ibn Muhammad Al-Ash'ath; Zafer bin AL-Harith movement, Abdullah al Jaarood movement, Zinj movement, and Al-Mutrif Ibn Al-Mughira movement, respectively.
The study showed that in the era of Umayyad Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan, there were two main types of opposition: the first is the politico - religious opposition movements, and the second was the purely political opposition movement. The study revealed the difference in the issue of succession, the eligibility of ruling, the policy of some Umayyad's governors, in addition to the instability of political and economic situation which were the most important reasons behind the opposition movements. The study has illustrated the policy of (flexibility and intensity) followed by Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan which helped him to eliminate the opposition movements. The study showed that the negligence of the organizational side of the movements, the opportunism of some of its leaders and the failure to reach unity among these leaders were the main reasons behind the failure of these movements.
