English abstract
Dietary and lifestyle modifications are generally recommended as primary prevention to reduce the risk of CVD. However, there is a paucity of information about their role in reducing the recurrence of CVD risk biomarkers, particularly in Omani coronary revascularized patients. The present study evaluated the role of various dietary and lifestyle modifications in the secondary prevention of CVD risk biomarkers of plaque reformation in Omani coronary revascularized patients. A total of 72 patients, from the outpatient department of cardiology clinic at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, were included in the study after obtaining an informed consent. It is a questionnaire based study that collected data about the four lifestyle modifications; physical activity, weight reduction, dietary intake and healthy eating patterns and smoking or non-smoking status, in personal interviews. A modified previously validated study questionnaire, which included a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, was used for the assessment of demographic information, dietary habits and eating patterns, diet quality index score, and daily dietary intake of study participants. The data about patient's baseline characteristics, revascularization information and biochemical laboratory tests was harvested from the SQUH's electronic record system. The data was analyzed statistically with the help of R-studio v.7 and Microsoft excel v.7. The males had higher educational level as compared to females. The data indicated that 44% of males and 22% of females were neither diabetic nor hypertensive, 16% of males and 16% of female were diabetic, 10% of males and 21% of females were hypertensive and the 30% of males and 42% of females had both diabetes and hypertension. Forty eight percent males and 63% females had (BMI) > 30. However, no significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in the BMI, diabetes and hypertension status in males and females. Smoking was not common in both males and females. Males were more active than females. Both males and females had poor nutritional knowledge. Although the LDL-C and HDL-C values in males and females differed, these were however, within the normal therapeutic limits. The HbA1c and C-reactive protein values were above the normal ranges with no significant (P < 0.05) difference in both males and females. The average daily energy intake in males (2694 kcalories) was higher than females (1603 kcalories). However, the contribution of energy from macronutrients was within the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges. No significant (P < 0.05) differences were observed in Omani dietary score of males (75.5) and females (74.6) that indicated their adherence to healthy dietary patterns. Overall, the results of the study suggested that dietary and lifestyle factors play important role in the secondary prevention of plaque reformation in Omani coronary revascularized patients. Healthy modifications in dietary and lifestyle factors are therefore recommended for the secondary prevention of CVD in revascularized Omani patients.
