The title of the thesis is Optimizing External Load in Microbial Desalination Cell System for Electricity Production via Seawater Desalination. In recent years, microbial desalination cell (MDC) has attracted extensive attention as an emergent ecofriendly and promising technology for direct conversion of biochemical energy into electrical energy without any intermediate steps. This cutting-aged technology is capable of treating wastewater and removing salts from the saline water while generating electric current from organic wastes. In this study, an MDC that has four chambers was used to investigate the performance bio-electrochemical processes. These processes include the removal of organics, total solid (TS) and salinity with the concurrent production of electrical power and value added chemicals (HCl acid and NaOH base). All the bio electrochemical parameters were investigated with five different external resistances as 150 12, 100 12, 50 2, 25 22, and 10 2. Moreover, the open circuit voltage,maximum columbic efficiency and power density were optimized to find the best operating resistance for this particular design of MDC reactor. The system operated with 8 hours hydraulic retention time (HRT) for anode, cathode and acid production chamber. But HRT for desalination chamber was 2.7 hours. The MDC produced a steady state cell potential at the end of the microbial inoculation of twenty days. The maximum produced cell potential was 431.95 mV during inoculation stage with external resistance 50 2 when activated, digester sludge and whey solution were mixed with the raw wastewater. The maximum removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and TS were 57.14% and 14.29%, respectively, from the raw sewage. The maximum increase in substrate conductivity after the treatment of raw sewage was 167 uS/cm using the external resistance 150 S2, while, the maximum decrease in pH was 1.05 for the external resistance 100 2. The maximum desalination efficiency and the reduction in conductivity for the seawater were 46.52% and 18.10 mS/cm, a respectively, at the external resistance 10 2. The maximum pH reduction was 1.15 for the seawater for the external resistance 50 12. The maximum cell potential was recorded at the external resistance of 150 12 was 586.28 mV. The achieved maximum electric current, power and columbic efficiency (CE) at an external resistance of 25 cu 12 were 17.59 mA, 7731.68 mW and 58.30%, respectively. The maximum open circuit (OCV) was found to be 918.00 mV for the operating resistance of 20 22, which showed the best applied resistance for the MDC system. With this best operating resistance, the system produced the maximum power density of 302.25 mW/m2 with substrate loading of 336 mg/l as raw sewage. The performance of the MDC reactor in term of acid and base production was not significant. The pH of phosphate buffering solution increased instead of decreasing. The performances of the investigated MDC system showed a great potential for recovering electrical power with a significant removal of organics from wastewater and salt from seawater.